SACP:The evil Nest that Harbours British MI Agents &Askariz which Infiltrated The ANC~Connecting The Facts & lifting up the TRUTH

The latest revelations at Neil Agget Inquest provide us with a big piece that has always been missing in the puzzle,probably puzzles,that include the biggest question viz. -Who killed Chris Hani? -Who gave Hani's Bodyguards an order to take day off,all at the same time? - Who leaked information that "Hani could not be "contained within the ANC and the alliance..." hence he "had to be removed..." permanently upon the earth surface as it turns out what being "removed" meant. This week Barbara Hoggan,who once was married to the late Ahmad Kathrada,revealed at the Inquest,amongst the many revealations she made,that she "trained" Derek Hanekom amongst others and is the one who compiled a list of ANC underground cadres and handed it over to the apartheid securities. In the list was Neil Agget who got murdered along with many others whose families are either wealthy enough nor have the right skin colour, they are too BLACK and Black lives dont matter in this fake "democracy" for the state to conduct an inquest. Below is the recorded youtube testimony of barbara hogan-"kathrada" at Neil Agget Inquest https://youtu.be/vmiZ1Xblk2E Be that as it may,these confessions afford us the missing pieces in the tragic puzzle,which we may have afford us to get answers the Natives have long been looking for. For status we know that Chris Hani had dual membership of both the SACP and the ANC. With this dual membership he may have been one of if not the only glue that held the ANC-SACP relationship together. He was respected and loved by many on both sides... Continuing Youtube Links to Video clips of Chris Hani: -https://youtu.be/NGKhN2BL1-U ( 10/April/1993) : AfraVision - Episode 2 - https://youtu.be/yNcnTOG0nSs : Clive Derby lewis at TRC applying for ammnesty -Chris Hani on amnesty: https://youtu.be/yXqqfY5qaZY -CDL "banned interview..."https://youtu.be/QyHpgf-fftw ... Developing analysis... Barbara's Biography: It is rather difficult to match or confirm who Barbara Hogan actually is, her relatives, her origin and so forth. Even Wikivisuals and Wikileaks is very thin on Barbara Hogan before 1990 as opposed to the Biographys of all the other people who she mentions in her testimony as having been her colleagues or associates. Take for example, Clive Derby-Lewis and FW Deklerk ,their biographies is so clearly explained and raced back to their ancestral origins before they immigrated to South Africa in the late 1600s. Derby Lewis has a German-Scott ,whilst De Klerk's ancestors also came as settlers around 1685/6, He is also said to have an Indian ancestor on his partenal side. Yet Barbara Hogan seem to have surfaced out of nowhere,no detail is given except that she was born in Benoni, schooled in St Dominics Catholic school for girls which is in Boksburg, went to Wits, degreed in Commerce, joined ANC between 1976 and/or 1977 as there doesnt seem to be consistency even on this one, she then says in her own words at the Neil Aggett inquest: - I was born in Benoni, - I got arrested for the first time at the age of eighteen... and she does not state the reason for her so called arrest, -I later, after that arrest joined a group of young people and we formed an organisation called Industrial Aid Association meant for mobilising for a labour union for Black people - She later identifies a Gavin Anderson and Riet van Heerden as people in her "core" group of Industrial Aid Association: on checking, we could not find any Gavin Anderson in South Africa. Theonly Gavin Anderson identified by seach engines a guitarist member of The Loved Ones band, an Australian based band which existed during 1965-1967, That Gavin Anderson died on 27 October 2005. Further search for Industrial Aid Association she claims to have formed and worked for draws a blank. There is no record of such an association on four major search engines. - I went to university in 1970: Wikileaks shows Barbara as having been at Wits University in 1977, at the same year as Clive Derby Lewis, whereas Cyril Ramaphosa's biography,also claims to have attended Wits University in 1977, so we immediately pick up a common denominator amongst these three. Clive Derby-Lewis is said to have Graduated with Bachelor of Accounting,Barbara also in Commerce Faculty is said to have graduated withEconomics as one of her majors, year if graduation not specified, whils Cyril is said to have been a law student when he started at Wits in 1977, it is then not clear if he ever finished the degree, nor whether it would hve been B.Juris nor B.Proc - Another commonality between Barbara Hogan and Derby-Lewis is their attendance of Catholic schools which are sister/brother schools both in Boksburg : namel y Christian Brothers College popularly known as CBC,and St Dominics School for Girls. What is then strange in Clive's account of early life, it states CBC to be in Kimberley,yet CBC's origin is in Boksburg,then the rest of Clive's after Wits University revolves around Edenvale and Germiston and both in the East Rand as Benoni... Both their biography accounts are like so carefully crafted as if there is a deliberate attempt to omitt any acquintance of each other, yet the political and ciil society activities they claim to have been involved in and positions they held makes it virtually impossible for them not to have known each other and worked together. - In 1976 during the uprising , I mobilised Soweto student and assisted them with pamphlets... she then somewhere drops Steve Biko's name, but does not clearly states what her association was with Biko even there was any association at all, or whether she knew him at a perdonal level.. - I joined ANC in 1977, I got recruited to join ANC in 1977... she doesnt state who recruited her, how , and from which structure or branch, - Then she contradicts herself immediately thereafter to say, quote, " I considered myself a member of ANC,though I never carried a CARD nor signed up..." - I never joined MK, as I didnt want to be involved in that kind of "strategy", my main focus was "political underground" - political underground at the time was not properly worked out as to what it really meant. - The ANC in exile had a difficulty, how they could allocate or assign her because they didnt quite know how "political underground should take shape. - I focused more on civil society, mass mobilisation, I never wanted to be in MK ( Mkhonto weSizwe- ANC 's Military wing) Then there is an issue of Solitary confinement. In her biography Barbara is said to have been in Solitary confinement for a year from 1981, place is not mentioned.This then gives one the understanfing that she would have then been out of confinement in 1982. In here testimony at the inquest,she keeps going back and forth about this,but none of her account reconcile the year, instead she talks of detension and interrogation and includes that within or as being part of solitary confinement. In her account she mentiones having been interrogated at the tenth floor of John Vorster Square-now Johannesburg Police station for a period of, three days, then six weeks after which she then: - gets transfered to Heidelberg Police cells, - After two months,taken back to John Vorster, then Vereeniging at some point, and then to Eastern Cape, where she finished her statement. This doesnt sound like a solitary confinement - Priviledges: She is allowed non-perishable foods ( like biscuits, two books and a bible, a change of clean clothes once a week, then she doesnt remember how many times... - She remembers there was a property-room which she used to change clothing and would drop her dirty clothes there as well... then on cross examination she doesnt remember if the police would bring her clothes or whether she would go to the property room. - Names of Security Service/ Police Officers: Barbara has peculiar knowledge and rememberence of police officers and/SSA, their ranks, their personality, who joined or got transfered to John Vorster Square when, from which area, its almost as if they were her colleagues, quite strange sense of memory for a person that claims to have almost lost her mind and disorientated as as result of "interrogation" as she claims. - Barbara Hogan makes a statement that two typewriters were congiscated from her home at the time of her arrest, - She used one of the type-writers to type her statement during interrogation at John Vorster, quite strange though because she says during interrogation she would be hand-cuffed - around a chair at the tenth floor, - On further cross-questioning for clarity, she says interrogation would be in different offices,but often at Diedericks's office which when reminded about th building floor-plan she concurs that it would be at the second floor... - Barbara makes a statement that she saw Dr. Neil for the second and last time from a distance at the passage where they greet each other from afar by lifting a clinched "amandla" fist, and on that occassion she noticed the torring on Dr. Neil's shirt. When the Judge follows up later on this as to where exactly she was, its now no longer on the passage way but in an office on the second floor,the same office she says to have been using to type her statement... fussy - She mentions having seen a poster headline about a prisoner's death- Dr Neil from a passing paper delivery van, and states that it was The Rand Daily mail,when she is told the Rand Daily Maily did not exist at the time, then she flip-flops from The Star , to some other Daily " English speaking" paper... - On the cells she ( they) is not allowed to have the following: - A watch - Shoe Laces - A belt - Medication Yet in her accounts of when the interrogaions started and ended, she could tell almost the exact time from hour to minutes, and exactly how long they lasted like at some point she mentioned she was interrogated for three hours. - Barbara claims that when she was assaulted during interrogation, she tried to commit suicide by taking the Syndol tablets given to her by the District Surgeon- Dr Jacobson, administering an overdose of almost the entire packet, then tying herself with a belt... also a contradictory account if not confusing even to herself if there is any truth in that. She does not state how that suicide attempt transpired/ended... - Roelf Venter was not involved in Neil Aggett's interrogation,says Barbara, question is how does she know that, when she claims that she only saw Neil twice, first on the day of her arrest on the passage way and the last time just before she was taken to Heidelberg? - "We were Communists, we lived from hand to mouth..." - "I think I was typing the statements on a type-writer"... how can she( Barbara) not know if she typed or wrote by hand her own statement during "interrogation"? BARBARA DROPS NAMES: 1. Rob Adams who at some point referes to as Robert Smith, and then back to Rob Adams, as having worked with, and got arrested together. She says she knew Rob Adams to be on the MK side of ANC. Checking up on Rob Adam there is no mention of Barbara Hogan anywhere in his Biography. She further claims to have gone toRob Adam's place to request that he make arrangements for her to go in exile via his MK's network, a request that Rob did not accede to, safe to say that he would consult with ANC leadership first, and later relayed to her that, the feedback from ANC was that she was not in immediate danger. She then claims to have written a report detailing the security compromise of her network and groups within SA and Botswana, followed by a list of people she worked with catergorised according to the type of work she engaged on with each group, gave both these to ANC via Rob Adams, after which she got arrested after coming from the Eastern Cape. She seems to suggest that the reports she gave to Rob and list of people afterwards got intercepted by and never reached ANC... suggesting that Rob may have given them to Security Agents... - She later makes claim that Rob was a frequent guest to her flat-mate, Barbara Klopman, who also got arrested on same day with her 2. Robert Martin Adam: His Biography as provided by Wikivisuals is so precise. Going through Rob's biography and account of ANC work, one gets the impression that Barbara Hogan has somehow recited it and made it her own, more like and identity theft, hence she gets a whole lot of things twistedfrom the time she went to Wits , year that she is supposedly to have joined ANC which she later retracts as not having jined ANC but just regarded herself as ANC, to her not being certain that she was a Communist or not,which year did she actually graduate, then the big bum is 22 September 1981, which date is the date of Robert's arrest but with a Themba from Soweto. Robert is the only one whose biography clearly states which Trade Union did he help to set up and what positions he held within those Trade Unions and at what stage, as opposed to Barbara Hogan's claim of an Industrial Aid Association which does not pop up anywhere in searches We will attach Robert Martin Adam's biography - 3. Mentions Barbara Creecy 4. Neel Niewoudt 6. Les Fyne 7. Super Kubeka 8. Dr Fled 9. Jeannette Curtis: Knew her before she got married to Marius, 10. Marius Schoon: She and Jeannette exiled to Botswana after getting married, 11. Gavin Anderson - Gavin and I ( Barbara) did not share views ( about ANC) Gavin was against Union activities being made part of civil society work -I knew Jeannette Curtis's parents and went to see them in Norwood after Jeannette's death got followed by about 6 SSA cars - Marius and Jeannette were accordig to Barbara her contacts-network in Botswana - I ( Barbara) was asked to set up a dead mailbox, in Illovo, I would send mail and parcels to Botswana and ANC - Relations with Marius and Jeannette were not satisfactory - I felt they were compromised and were compromising the rest of our groups I was working with in SA - Was not happy that Marius and Jeannette had people knowing who and where they were, and they let people visit them, "all that could take was Security forces to just drop by" their house - Relationship with Marius and Jeannette became unsatisfactory Jeannette got a letter bomb that exploded and killed her, with her six-year old. Barbara's ACCOUNT: - I compiled a list of people we were working with in Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Swaziland...gave it over... Neil Aggett was in the list - Days before the arrest, I received a letter from ANC via Marius, I was angered by equest to set up safe-houses for MK, because I had stated clearly to ANC that I did not want to get involved with MK, and they had always respected that until that request - There was a lot of "antagonismn" within my core group,when it comes to ANC, they were against associating with Communists/ANC a banned organisation... and there was lot of merit in that thought... how could a legal organisation work with ANC a banned organisation... our focus was on the shop-floor, helping Black workers to have a union, I did not tell Rob and Gavin that I was ANC... I was tasked by ANC on my debriefing in Swaziland to mobilise the left-white ... my joining ANC was driven by belief that ANC was the future...I noticed that ANC in exile had dated ( out-dated) information about political trends and tge state of politics within the country... I took it upon myself to keep them informed about political trends, what was going on in SA... I was taught how to code messages using a book... I sent report to ANC via a dead letter box in Illovo... The courier man had a spare key to the letter box... WHAT IS CHRIS HANI SAYING AND HOW DOES IT RELATES OR LINK UP WITH BARBARA AND CLIVE-Derby- Lewis's ACCOUNT . Before constructing this reconcilliation,we first gather and present to the public the relevant INFORMATION THAT IS ALREADY IN THE PUBLIC DOMAIN, so the people can have a clear perspective how and why these characters connect and connived in assassinating Comrade Chris Martin Thembisile Hani. DE KLERK AND #MANDELA IN CHRIS HANI's ASSASSINATION AND AGREEMENT THEY REACH WITH CLIVE DERBY-LEWIS AT OR TAMBO AIRPORT~~Callie Möcke skryf sy kommentaar uit:( Translation in Bold/Italic/Underline) Jy lieg de Klerk en Jy weet dit .( de klerk you are lying and you know it) 1.Jy was die ou wat die oproep ontvang het vanaf O R Tambo se Binnelandse sake toe twee IRL hit men die land ingekom het vir die Hani moord. YOU ARE THE ONE THAT TOOK A CALL AT OR TAMBO ' FOR TWO IRL HIT MEN TO ASSASSINATE HANI ( Chris Hani) Voor die geleentheid met Clive Derby Lewis homself voorgedoen het. YOU MET WITH CLIVE DERBY LEWIS HIMSELF BEFORE THE INCIDENT WAS EXECUTED.Jy en Mandela was betrokke en die opdrag vir sy dood kom uit die ANC self. YOU AND MANDELA WERE AWARE AND IN AGREEMENT THAT HIS (HANI) MURDER BE DONE BY ANC.Hani was ontnugter oor al julle leuens en die agteraf gekonkel tussen julle en die ANC. HANI WAS AWARE OF YOUR SECRET DEALINGS, SHENANIGANS,MANIPULATIONS AND ALL THE LIES YOU AND ( SOME IN )ANC MADE 2. Jy en Roelf Meyer weet waaroor het PW se beroerte gegaan. YOU AND ROELF MEYER KNEW WHY/HOW PW'S RECALL WAS ORGANISED Ek verfris jou geheue want jy begin soos Pik Botha hallusinieer wat gerieflikheidshalwe sy Bird Watching eskapades saam met Magnus Malan vergeet. Koppel daaraan Cyril en Tutu se name saam met nog 3 ander ministers. Dalk lui die cocktail "Endolien Lood" en "Metiel Jodiet" erêns 'n klokkie. Dit word gebruik om hartaanvalle te veroorsaak. Iets wat jou goddelose regering nogal mee goed was. Mens kry dit ook by die dokter wat die Extacy fabriek bedryf het vir jou regering. I ASSURE YOU YOU WILL GET THE SAME TASTE OF MEDICINE YOU COOKED FOR PIK BOTHA TO START HALLUCINATING SUCH THAT HE CANT EVEN REMEMBER HIS BIRD WATCHING ESCAPADES WITH MAGNUS MALAN, YOU CYRIL TUTU AND 3 OTHER MINISTERS,LEST YOU FORGET DOCTORS CAN EASILY ARRANGE A SIMILAR COCKTAIL-POISON FOR YOU'ALL 3. Ek verwys jou na 'n skrywe van 72 Mot brigade waarna jou adjunk minister van verdediging 'n afvaardiging gestuur het om ons te vergesel na al die ANC "street commanders" in brigade diens gebied vir samesprekings.REMEMBER THE DOCUMENT OF THE 72 MOT BRIGADE ( BATALLION) WHICH YOUR DEPUTY MINISTER SENT TO ALL ANC STREET COMMANDERS PLEDGING COOPERATION-ATTACKS,Die agbare adjunk het ons by die Daveyton polisie stasie ontmoet waarna ons eers Etwatwa toe is waar die WAPENSMOKKEL roete deur Swaziland en Pongola se eindpunt was WE WERE GATHERED/BRIEFED AT DAVEYTON PLOCE STATION BEFORE WE EXECUTED THAT ETWATWA MISSION- THROUGH SWAZILAND AND PONGOLA ROUTES. 'n Smokkel roete waar jou eie regring se BSB betrokke was. Dis reg vaak seun jou eie regering was betrokke by die aanhitsing van geweld en smokkel van dwelms wapens en kinders. Ook in die faksie gevegte tussen die Taxis . Dalk moet jy met Vlok gesels en sommer meer uitvind van die dokumente voor Goldstone en die WVK. YOU CREATED A SMOKE SCREEN FOR THE MURDERING OF CIVILIANS WOMEN AND CHILDREN AT ETWATWA TO MAKE IT LOOK LIKE THEY WERE VICTIMS OF TAXI FIGHTS OVER THE SWAZILAND-PONGOLA TAXI ROUTE AND YOU QUICKLY ARRANGED WITH ADRIAN VLOK FOR THE DOCUMENT TO DISAPPEAR BEFORE GOLDSTONE'S COMMISSION COULD START INVESTIGATIONS. TRUTH IS DEKLERK AND YOUR APARTHEID GOVERNMENT TOGETHER WITH YOUR PEOPLE IN THE ANC ( CYRIL AND TUTU) WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR AND ORGANISED TOWNSHIP KILLINGS USING SOME STREET DEFENCE COMMANDERS 4. "Understanding Crime and Corruption in ''South Africa deur Donn Sipho waarvan jou regering sy boeke van die rakke laat verwyder het en ook 'n herdruk gekeer het is net sulke interesante lees stof. Daarin word jou naam ekplisiet genoem saam met die verskillinde misdaad sindikate en mafias in die land en ook die van jou kollegas insluitend NELSON MANDELLA en "Sep Blatter". Ook Donn moes landuit vlug. THE AUTHORS DONN, SIPHO STATE AND SKETCH EXPLICITLY YOUR INVOLVEMENT IN CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, MURDERS OF INNOCENT CIVILIANS (IN THE 90's) THAT YOU ORCHESTRATED TOGETHER WITH YOUR SYNDICATE AND MAFIAS IN THE COUNTRY INCLUDING YOUR NELSON MANDELA AND SEPP BLATTER 5. Ek gaan nie eers die lywige Franse Intel verslag oor jou en jou goddelose regering hier plaas nie. Maar vir die leser wat meer wil weet lees dit saam met Volks Veraad en ''High Treason."I WILL NOT GO INTO DETAIL ABOUT WHAT FRANCE INTEL REPORT DETAILS ABOUT YOUR( deklerk)CRIMES OFFSURE, SAFE TO REFER THE INTERESTED READER/S TO "VOLKS VERAAD" AND "HIGH TREASON"...( WIKIPEAD THIS) 6. Oor operasie Hammer gaan ek my nie eers uitlaat nie. Ook nie oor die verskillende teikens in die 911 sage nie waar jou naam ook na vore gekom het nie. Rondom ons vermiste en misplaaste goud reserwes. Ook daar is Mossad en CIA se eie intel selfverduidelikend. HOW CAN I LEAVE OUT OPERATION HAMMER WHER YOUR NAME AND INVOLVEMENT FEATURES EXPLICITLY...YOU COLLABORATE WITH MOSSAD AND THE CIA AND SUDDENLY THERE ARE MISSING/UNACCOUNTED FOR MISTATEMENT/DIFFERENCES IN OUR GOLD RESERVES... THE REPORTS ( PROJECT HAMMER) EVEN THERE ARE EXPLICIT ABOUT YOUR CRIMES 7. Vorster het 'n kind verwek by Winnie Mandela en jou regering het die bewystukke vernietig of probeer vernietig. So julle sit nog met die sluipmoord van Pieter Lessing Senior ook nog op julle hande. YOU HAVE BURIED EVIDENCE THAT SHOWS THAT WINNIE MANDELA WAS REPEATEDLY SEXUALLY ABUSED BY VORSTER AND PIETER LESSING( SNR) AND OUT OF THAT SEXUAL MOLESTATION THERE CAME A BASTARD CHILD, So gepraat van Vorster. Hy was die ou wat ook vir Tsafendas die parlement ingebring het. En jy self sit met n basterkind .TALK OF BJ VORSTER YOU REMEMBER HE IS THE ONE THAT BROUGHT TSAVENDAS TO PARLIAMENT ( IN CAPE TOWN) AND ( WHO LATER KILLED VERWOED) YOU HAVE BLOOD IN YOUR HANDS DE KLERK AND A BASTARD RAPE-CHILD ON TOP 8. Daar is 100 miljoen Britse pond in jou rekening in Griekeland inbetaal. Dis ook nie te moelik om die rekening nr op te spoor nie. Soveel geld los altyd 'n spoor al is Rothschild self die baas van die bank. En jy kom met twak soos dat jy 'n bloedbad gekeer in Suid Afrika het. Is jy f*kken mal of wat?THERE IS A MILLION "BRITSE POND" IN YOUR OFFSURE GREECE PAID REGULARLY WHICH IS AN ANORMALLY FOR A GHOST ACCOUNT TO KEEP ACCUMMULATING SO MUCH MONEY( RESERVES) YET A LOT OF MONEY ( RESERVES) KEEP MISSING AND YOU COME UP WITH CRAPY EXCUSES ABOUT YOU NOT BEING THE BOSS OF ( SARB) BANK BUT ROTHCHILD YET YOU KNOW YOU ARE ROTHCHILD'GHOST Laastens is jy welkom om oor enige van hierdie aantuigings met ons op 'n openbare platform in gesprek te tree. LASTLY IF YOU WANT TO DENY ANY OF THESE INCIDENCES ( FACTS/ALLEGATIONS/UTTERENCES) MENTIONED ABOVE YOU ARE WELCOME TO DO SO LETS DISCUSS THEM IN A PUBLIC-OPEN PLATFORM Ons is gatvol vir al julle leuens en bedrog en ons is lus vir al julle siek gierige psigopatiese bl*ksems wat ons kinders vol dwelms gepomp het en gebruik het as seks slawe. WE ARE SICK AND TIRED OF YOUR LIES AND CERTAINLY ENOUGH OF YOU PYSCHOPATHS WHO MOLEST OUR CHILDREN AND TURN THEM INTO SEX SLAVES AND WE SHALL NO LONGER WATCH ON BUT WILL FIGHT YOU WITH EVERYTHING WE HAVE ( INTELL & ALL) TO THE HIGHEST COURT OF THE WORLD IF WE HAVE TO. WE HAVE NOT STARTED YET , THIS IS JUST PEALING AN APPLE, WE WILL SHOW THE WORLD OVER WHAT YOU AND YOUR SYNDICATE THE WORLD OVER ARE... En ja ons kan dit bevesting met hofsake en intel uit die buiteland waar julle blikskottels nie alles beheer nie. Ons het nog n appeltjie te skil met julle oor julle siek bl*ksems se veraad teenoor ons veiligeheidsmage in Angola ook. - Callie Möcke. posted by Ikeraam Korana on FB(5/7/2018) seemingly blocked thereafter. Clive Derby-Lewis , and Fw de klerk' s detailed Biographies from Wikivisuals... Monday: 03/02/2020... Their Involvement in WACL: NP: The Jewish Chronicle... Natzi Bloodline & Origin... • Language 
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Edit For other uses, see Clive Lewis. Clive John Derby-Lewis (22 January 1936 – 3 November 2016) was a South African politician, who was involved first in the National Party and then, while serving as a member of parliament, in the Conservative Party. He served a life sentence for his role in the assassination of South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani. He has been described as a "right-wing extremist" by the Daily Telegraph; and as someone who "even by South African standards...has acquired over the years a reputation as a rabid racist" by journalist and South Africa commentator John Carlin.[1][2] He was described in 1988 by anti-apartheid opposition leader Harry Schwarz as the "biggest racist in Parliament".[3] Clive Derby-Lewis  State President's Council In office September 1989 – April 1993 Leader F. W. De Klerk Member of Parliament for Krugersdorp In office 1987–1989 Leader Andries Treurnicht Personal details Born 22 January 1936 Cape Town, South Africa Died 3 November 2016 (aged 80) Pretoria, South Africa Political party Conservative He was repeatedly denied parole after he began applying in 2010, after objections from the Hani family. After his parole was declined multiple times, his appeal was taken to court where the judge granted him medical parole on 29 May 2015.[4] He was released from prison in June 2015 after serving 22 years, due to terminal lung cancer.[5] He died from the disease on 3 November 2016.[6] Background Edit Derby-Lewis, who was born in Cape Town, was a South African with German and Scots ancestry.[7] He grew up in Kimberley and was educated at the then-Christian Brothers' College. He articled as a chartered accountant and worked for both an accounting firm and an oil company; he also became an Extraordinary minister of Holy Communion at Blessed Sacrament Church in Johannesburg before he left the Catholic Church in the early 1980s. He later joined the Afrikaanse Protestantse Kerk (English: Afrikaans Protestant Church), notable as a staunch supporter of Apartheid.[8] He spent nineteen years as a volunteer in the South African Citizen Force and became the youngest ever commanding officer of the Witwatersrand Rifles Regiment, affiliated with the Cameronians. He was awarded the John Chard Medal for long and meritorious service. Community and political history Edit Derby-Lewis joined the National Party and became a town councillor for Bedfordview (1972–1977), Deputy Mayor (1973–1974) and ultimately Mayor (1974–1975), and was made a Freeman of the Johannesburg Mini-Council. He served as the member representing Edenvale, Gauteng, on the Transvaal Provincial Council (1972–1981) where he spent several years as the National Party spokesman for Education and Hospital Services. He also served on the boards of numerous other bodies including hospitals, primary and high schools, and a school for physically challenged children. Through his involvement in politics, he met Gaye Derby-Lewis, a former nun originally from Australia. They married in 1986.[9] This was his second marriage. Derby-Lewis had three children from his first marriage.[10] Parliamentary history Edit Derby-Lewis was a founder member of the Conservative Party at the time of its split from the National Party in 1982, due to a softening of the government's apartheid policies of racial segregation. He was a member of the new party's General Council and Parliamentary Caucus until 1993. He also served on the Transvaal Party Council, in addition to the council's Information and Financial Committee. Following his unsuccessful election bid in the Krugersdorp constituency, Derby-Lewis was nominated as a member of parliament in 1987 (after the then constitution allowed for political parties to nominate members to the House of Assembly, in addition to their elected representatives). Derby-Lewis served on a number of parliamentary committees. He also represented the Conservative Party on the Standing Committees of Parliament dealing with the Provincial Affairs of Natal, as well as Trade and Commerce. When the Conservative Party became the Official Opposition he was appointed Chief Spokesman on Economic Affairs, Technology and Mineral Affairs. He was the only member of the Conservative Party Parliamentary Caucus to have served in all four levels of government in South Africa. During his tenure in Parliament, Derby-Lewis and others in the Conservative Party were staunchly opposed by the anti-apartheid Progressive Federal Party. In March 1988, Derby-Lewis was slammed by opposition leader Harry Schwarz as the "biggest racist in Parliament".[3] Derby-Lewis lost his seat after the 1989 election, and was subsequently appointed to the State President's Council, an advisory group, where he served as a member of the Economic Affairs and the Amenities Committees.[11] He visited London twice in an official Conservative Party of South Africa delegation, including that of June 1989, which included their leader, Dr. Andries Treurnicht and Natal party chief Carl Werth. About that time he joined the London-based Western Goals Institute as an honorary Vice-President, and was one of their delegation to the 22nd World Anti-Communist League Conference in Brussels in July 1990. During his political career Derby-Lewis had a long history of racially inflammatory remarks, a number of which were considered off-putting even by his Conservative Party colleagues who themselves favoured a racially divided South Africa. In 1989 he claimed in Parliament that "If AIDS stops Black population growth it will be like Father Christmas."[12] Similarly, that same year he was overheard remarking "What a pity" in response to a report by a minister that an aircraft had had to brake to avoid a black man on the runway at Johannesburg's airport (he later apologised, alleging that the comment had just "slipped out").[2] Commenting on this, Andries Beyers (a senior Conservative Party official at the time) said: "I think sometimes he became an embarrassment to us. He was very, very hardline. He had a calling to bring English-speakers to the CP, but his personal style put them off."[13] Assassination of Chris Hani Edit After the arrest of Janusz Waluś, a Polish immigrant to South Africa, for the assassination on 10 April 1993 of Chris Hani (general secretary of the South African Communist Party and leader of the African National Congress' military wing), it appeared that Derby-Lewis was involved. He had abetted Waluś and had aided him by delivering him the gun used in the assassination. A list of senior ANC and South African Communist Party figures had been developed allegedly by Arthur Kemp[14] and included Nelson Mandela and Joe Slovo. Derby-Lewis was convicted of conspiracy to murder and sentenced to death for his role in the assassination. The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when capital punishment was outlawed in 1995. Derby-Lewis confessed his role in the assassination in his application to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission for amnesty and there he insisted that the assassination was encouraged or sanctioned by senior leaders of the Conservative Party.[15] In his defence, Derby-Lewis said that he was acting "in defence of my people, who were threatened with a Communist take-over."[7] He added that his Christian faith within the Afrikaanse Protestant Church was central to his decision: "As a Christian, my first duty is to the Almighty God before everything else. We were fighting against communism, and communism is the vehicle of the Antichrist."[8] The amnesty application was denied in April 1999. In 2000, the Cape High Court dismissed an application by Derby-Lewis and Waluś to overturn the Truth and Reconciliation Commission's decision.[16] Derby-Lewis applied in June 2010 for parole, on the grounds that he was over 70, and was entitled to parole in terms of South African law for having served more than 15 years in prison.[17] The following November, Derby-Lewis' lawyer reported that Derby-Lewis was receiving treatment for skin cancer and prostate cancer, hypertension, and for a gangrenous spot in his leg.[18] On three further occasions (2011, 2013, and 2015) Derby-Lewis was denied medical parole.[19] According to his representative advocate Roelof du Plessis: "The recommendation of the medical parole advisory board refers to a stage 3b cancer of the right lung with probable or inconclusive spread to the left adrenal glands, is inoperable and there is marginal response to concurrent chemo and radiotherapy with poor prognostic features".[20] He died in November 2016 Western Goals Institute Western Goals Institute (WGI) was a far-right conservative pressure group in Britain, formed in 1989 from Western Goals UK, which was founded in 1985 as an offshoot of the U.S. Western Goals Foundation,[1] it was anti-communist and opposed non-white immigration. Contents • 1 Early aims • 2 International links • 2.1 Front National • 2.2 Conservative Party of South Africa • 3 Relationship with the Conservative Party • 4 Notable activities • 5 Later years • 6 References Early aims The Western Goals Institute was founded (as Western Goals UK) in May 1985 as the British branch of the American organisation the Western Goals Foundation. In March 1987, Western Goals UK had filed a complaint with the Charity Commission for England and Wales against three major British charities, Oxfam, War on Want, and Christian Aid claiming that they were involved in political campaigning work (which was then contrary to UK charity law) in support of left-wing organizations due to their campaigns against apartheid in South Africa; the Charities Commission partially upheld the Western Goals complaint,[2] obliging War on Want (which at the time was led by George Galloway, later an MP) to halt political campaigning.[3] In October 1988 Western Goals held a well-attended fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference addressed by their patron, General Sir Walter Walker, former Commander-in-Chief of NATO forces in Northern Europe, Sir Patrick Wall, the M.P., for Beverley, the Revd. Martin Smyth, MP, and others [1] on terrorism, highlighting the links between the African National Congress and the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Western Goals subsequently issued a paper summarising the issues raised at this meeting.[4] As a result of their expanding activities, membership and organisation, Western Goals UK was relaunched in 1989, becoming the Western Goals Institute, independent of the U.S. foundation. Gregory Lauder-Frost, then a leading member of the Conservative Monday Club, was invited in February to join Thomas J. Bergen, Peter Dally, Professor Antony Flew, Linda Catoe Guell, Dr. Joseph Labia, Trggvi McDonald, Rev. Martin Smyth, MP, the Lord Sudeley, Dr. Harvey Ward and Rev. Basil Watson, OBE, as Vice-Presidents of the institute;[5][6] the institute's stated aims were to "combat the insidious menace of liberalism and Communism within all sectors of British society"[7] and its initial activities included denouncing what it described as "extremist" left-wing Labour Party candidates. The institute was also critical of the United Nations, its Director Andrew Smith stating "western nations (when dealing with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) have seen fit to submit themselves to the writ of the UN, a body largely composed of regimes hostile to western democratic values."[8] The institute stated its aims on the BBC in 1991: "Western Goals works to establish networks and links with conservative groups dedicated to the preservation of the cultures and identities of western nations. We are conservatives who believe in traditional conservative values. A multicultural society does not work. We wish to protect the way of life we had before immigrants arrived, it was a mistake to permit these people to come here. Politicians must now accept this. Large numbers of immigrants reject European culture and wish to remain alien in religion and culture. We want European culture in European countries. We would seek to have treaties with countries to permit resettlement."[9] Initially, the Western Goals Institute drew some support from Conservative parliamentarians, and the London magazine City Limits stated that "Western Goals is talking the same blunt authoritarian language as many Tory back-benchers and rank and file Tories, it is a group to be reckoned with ... having a formidable list of honorary patrons and Vice-Presidents".[10] With an increasingly public role Western Goals attracted left-wing hostility. In September 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism demonstrated outside the home of Lord Sudeley, they said, "to expose his involvement in setting up an international network of right-wing extremists". In response, Sudeley refuted the claims and described Western Goals "as being committed to the traditional values of conservatism in England". Mike Whine, Defence Director of the Board of British Jewish Deputies, described the institute as "not fascists or anti-Semitic, but they inhabit the shadowy, nether-world of the far right-wing".[11] Following the end of the Cold War, the group lost its original anti-Communist raison d’etre in Europe, but continued to forge and retain links with other ultra-conservative and nationalist political parties such as the Front National in France; the association with Le Pen and his party resulted in many of the group's former Conservative supporters distancing themselves from the organization.[original research?] International links The institute and its predecessor were affiliated with the World Anti-Communist League;[1] as Western Goals delegate, Andrew Smith attended the 21st conference of the World Anti-Communist League held in Geneva August 27–29, 1988, which was addressed by one of Western Goals UK's patrons, Major-General John K. Singlaub, (the other two patrons being General Sir Walter Walker and Major Sir Patrick Wall, M.C.). Smith contributed an article on the speech in WACL's Free World Report the following January. In July 1990, WGI sent a delegation to the 22nd WACL Conference in Brussels and from 1991 WGI was the UK chapter of the senior World League. In line with the ‘Reagan doctrine’ policies of its American patrons, Western Goals UK had established links with militant, and often violent, anti-Communist groups internationally; these include the Angolan UNITA movement (in October 1988 Western Goals facilitated the visit to London of UNITA's leader, Jonas Savimbi) and the Salvadoran Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, whose leader, Roberto D’Aubuisson, became one of the group's international patrons.[12] It was also claimed that Western Goals may have been used by its U.S. partners as a conduit for funds to the Nicaraguan Contras following the ‘Contragate’ scandal.[13] The institute was reaching out to a variety of robustly conservative associations which were also opposed to communism. In August Lauder-Frost was forging links with Joachim Siegerist of Die Deutschen Konservativen e.V., in Hamburg, and London's Time Out magazine carried a report headlined "Bad Taste" in September saying that the Western Goals hierarchy, in addition to courting Jean-Marie Le Pen, and Franz Schönhuber of the German Republikaner Party, had been dining at Simpsons-in-the-Strand, London, with El Salvador's Arena Party President Major Roberto d'Aubuisson, who subsequently became one of the institute's patrons.[14] This was followed by a letter in The Times signed by Lord Sudeley, Sir Alfred Sherman, Professor Antony Flew and Dr. Harvey Ward, on behalf of the institute, "applauding Alfredo Cristiani's statesmanship" and calling for his government's success in defeating the Cuban and Nicaraguan-backed communist FMLN terrorists;[15][16] the following year, on 21 February 1990, Lauder-Frost appeared on BBC's 'Newsnight' opposing Labour MP Alice Mahon’s support for Communist insurgents in Central America.  At the Western Goals Institute 'El Salvador' Presidential Dinner, London, 25 September 1989. L to R: Denis Walker, Lord Sudeley, José Manuel Pacas (Salvadorean Foreign Minister), Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr Harvey Ward. The institute's tabloid newspaper European Dawn also reported that in September 1990 that Burkhard Schmidt, Executive Director of Western Goals Europe e.V., and the American European Strategy Research Institute had contacted the institute urging them to forge links with young people opposing communism in Czechoslovakia, and that the following month an eight-strong delegation from the institute visited Munich for discussions with the German Republikaner Party which at that time had six members in the European Union Parliament. Front National  Pierre Ceyrac, MEP, speaking to the Western Goals Institute, 12 October 1989. In Europe, Western Goals gave their open support to the French Front National, the populist right-wing political party led by Jean-Marie Le Pen. On 12 October 1989, the Western Goals Institute hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool, at which Pierre Ceyrac, a Front National Member of the European Parliament, was the Guest Speaker.[17] Western Goals also hosted a widely reported dinner for Jean-Marie Le Pen, whom they had invited to Britain, at the Charing Cross Hotel in the Strand, London in December 1991. There was a large demonstration against the dinner outside the hotel and some damage to property took place, notably the hotel's front doors and surroundings, which were smashed; an exclusive of the dinner appeared in The Mail on Sunday on 8 December. After the visit by Le Pen, the Western Goals Institute Director Andrew Smith was quoted as saying: "There is scope for a radical right alternative outside the Conservative Party. The Tories have betrayed their principles since Mrs Thatcher fell. With this contact with European leaders we are laying the foundations for a new party.".[18] The possibility of founding a new right-wing party, on the model of Le Pen's Front National, appears to have been abandoned by Smith after the Conservative Party's win in the 1992 General Election ensured that proportional representation stayed off the political agenda for the foreseeable future; however even at the time, the gradual defection of the parliamentary advisory committee and the decision of the leadership of the Monday Club[19] and associated MPs to stay away from the Le Pen Dinner made the prospect unlikely.[20] The institute maintained its contacts with the FN and were invited to send delegates to their congress in Strasbourg in March 1997; the Western Goals Newsletter of January 1998 carried a length article of praise, reporting on the "FN Successes in France". Conservative Party of South Africa  Gregory Lauder-Frost & Clive Derby-Lewis in Brussels as WGI delegates to the World Anti-Communist League Conference, 21 July 1990. WGI supported the continuance of European-dominated government in South Africa, and formed close links with the Conservative Party of South Africa which some years previously broke away from the National Party of South Africa after P.W. Botha instituted limited reforms to apartheid and which the institute saw as fighting communism in the form of the African National Congress. WGI hosted a visit to the UK, in June 1989, of the Conservative Party of South Africa's leader Andries Treurnicht, as well as other leading members, with close links continuing for many years. At the time the party held 22 seats in the South African Parliament making them the official opposition.[21] A press conference was held for the delegation in a committee room of the House of Lords on 5 June.[22] Conservative Party of South Africa MP Clive Derby-Lewis, then one of sixty members of the integrated State President's Council, was made an honorary vice-president of the WGI and the following year joined the WGI delegation to the WACL Conference in Brussels. (Derby-Lewis later served a life sentence for conspiracy to murder Chris Hani, a leader of the South African Communist Party and of the ANCs Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress, who was assassinated in 1993). The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2 July 1993) lists the Western Goals Institute as an "impediment" to the elimination of racial discrimination in South Africa, saying of the institute that it "claims to be devoted to protecting the Western way of life by offering self-defence training to white South Africans".[23] Relationship with the Conservative Party Western Goals Institute Western Goals Institute (WGI) was a far-right conservative pressure group in Britain, formed in 1989 from Western Goals UK, which was founded in 1985 as an offshoot of the U.S. Western Goals Foundation,[1] it was anti-communist and opposed non-white immigration. Contents • 1 Early aims • 2 International links • 2.1 Front National • 2.2 Conservative Party of South Africa • 3 Relationship with the Conservative Party • 4 Notable activities • 5 Later years • 6 References Early aims The Western Goals Institute was founded (as Western Goals UK) in May 1985 as the British branch of the American organisation the Western Goals Foundation. In March 1987, Western Goals UK had filed a complaint with the Charity Commission for England and Wales against three major British charities, Oxfam, War on Want, and Christian Aid claiming that they were involved in political campaigning work (which was then contrary to UK charity law) in support of left-wing organizations due to their campaigns against apartheid in South Africa; the Charities Commission partially upheld the Western Goals complaint,[2] obliging War on Want (which at the time was led by George Galloway, later an MP) to halt political campaigning.[3] In October 1988 Western Goals held a well-attended fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference addressed by their patron, General Sir Walter Walker, former Commander-in-Chief of NATO forces in Northern Europe, Sir Patrick Wall, the M.P., for Beverley, the Revd. Martin Smyth, MP, and others [1] on terrorism, highlighting the links between the African National Congress and the Provisional Irish Republican Army. Western Goals subsequently issued a paper summarising the issues raised at this meeting.[4] As a result of their expanding activities, membership and organisation, Western Goals UK was relaunched in 1989, becoming the Western Goals Institute, independent of the U.S. foundation. Gregory Lauder-Frost, then a leading member of the Conservative Monday Club, was invited in February to join Thomas J. Bergen, Peter Dally, Professor Antony Flew, Linda Catoe Guell, Dr. Joseph Labia, Trggvi McDonald, Rev. Martin Smyth, MP, the Lord Sudeley, Dr. Harvey Ward and Rev. Basil Watson, OBE, as Vice-Presidents of the institute;[5][6] the institute's stated aims were to "combat the insidious menace of liberalism and Communism within all sectors of British society"[7] and its initial activities included denouncing what it described as "extremist" left-wing Labour Party candidates. The institute was also critical of the United Nations, its Director Andrew Smith stating "western nations (when dealing with the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait) have seen fit to submit themselves to the writ of the UN, a body largely composed of regimes hostile to western democratic values."[8] The institute stated its aims on the BBC in 1991: "Western Goals works to establish networks and links with conservative groups dedicated to the preservation of the cultures and identities of western nations. We are conservatives who believe in traditional conservative values. A multicultural society does not work. We wish to protect the way of life we had before immigrants arrived, it was a mistake to permit these people to come here. Politicians must now accept this. Large numbers of immigrants reject European culture and wish to remain alien in religion and culture. We want European culture in European countries. We would seek to have treaties with countries to permit resettlement."[9] Initially, the Western Goals Institute drew some support from Conservative parliamentarians, and the London magazine City Limits stated that "Western Goals is talking the same blunt authoritarian language as many Tory back-benchers and rank and file Tories, it is a group to be reckoned with ... having a formidable list of honorary patrons and Vice-Presidents".[10] With an increasingly public role Western Goals attracted left-wing hostility. In September 1991, the Campaign Against Fascism demonstrated outside the home of Lord Sudeley, they said, "to expose his involvement in setting up an international network of right-wing extremists". In response, Sudeley refuted the claims and described Western Goals "as being committed to the traditional values of conservatism in England". Mike Whine, Defence Director of the Board of British Jewish Deputies, described the institute as "not fascists or anti-Semitic, but they inhabit the shadowy, nether-world of the far right-wing".[11] Following the end of the Cold War, the group lost its original anti-Communist raison d’etre in Europe, but continued to forge and retain links with other ultra-conservative and nationalist political parties such as the Front National in France; the association with Le Pen and his party resulted in many of the group's former Conservative supporters distancing themselves from the organization.[original research?] International links The institute and its predecessor were affiliated with the World Anti-Communist League;[1] as Western Goals delegate, Andrew Smith attended the 21st conference of the World Anti-Communist League held in Geneva August 27–29, 1988, which was addressed by one of Western Goals UK's patrons, Major-General John K. Singlaub, (the other two patrons being General Sir Walter Walker and Major Sir Patrick Wall, M.C.). Smith contributed an article on the speech in WACL's Free World Report the following January. In July 1990, WGI sent a delegation to the 22nd WACL Conference in Brussels and from 1991 WGI was the UK chapter of the senior World League. In line with the ‘Reagan doctrine’ policies of its American patrons, Western Goals UK had established links with militant, and often violent, anti-Communist groups internationally; these include the Angolan UNITA movement (in October 1988 Western Goals facilitated the visit to London of UNITA's leader, Jonas Savimbi) and the Salvadoran Nationalist Republican Alliance (ARENA) party, whose leader, Roberto D’Aubuisson, became one of the group's international patrons.[12] It was also claimed that Westiern Goals may have been used by its U.S. partners as a conduit for funds to the Nicaraguan Contras following the ‘Contragate’ scandal.[13] The institute was reaching out to a variety of robustly conservative associations which were also opposed to communism. In August Lauder-Frost was forging links with Joachim Siegerist of Die Deutschen Konservativen e.V., in Hamburg, and London's Time Out magazine carried a report headlined "Bad Taste" in September saying that the Western Goals hierarchy, in addition to courting Jean-Marie Le Pen, and Franz Schönhuber of the German Republikaner Party, had been dining at Simpsons-in-the-Strand, London, with El Salvador's Arena Party President Major Roberto d'Aubuisson, who subsequently became one of the institute's patrons.[14] This was followed by a letter in The Times signed by Lord Sudeley, Sir Alfred Sherman, Professor Antony Flew and Dr. Harvey Ward, on behalf of the institute, "applauding Alfredo Cristiani's statesmanship" and calling for his government's success in defeating the Cuban and Nicaraguan-backed communist FMLN terrorists;[15][16] the following year, on 21 February 1990, Lauder-Frost appeared on BBC's 'Newsnight' opposing Labour MP Alice Mahon’s support for Communist insurgents in Central America.  At the Western Goals Institute 'El Salvador' Presidential Dinner, London, 25 September 1989. L to R: Denis Walker, Lord Sudeley, José Manuel Pacas (Salvadorean Foreign Minister), Andrew Smith (yellow tie), Dr Harvey Ward. The institute's tabloid newspaper European Dawn also reported that in September 1990 that Burkhard Schmidt, Executive Director of Western Goals Europe e.V., and the American European Strategy Research Institute had contacted the institute urging them to forge links with young people opposing communism in Czechoslovakia, and that the following month an eight-strong delegation from the institute visited Munich for discussions with the German Republikaner Party which at that time had six members in the European Union Parliament. Front National  Pierre Ceyrac, MEP, speaking to the Western Goals Institute, 12 October 1989. In Europe, Western Goals gave their open support to the French Front National, the populist right-wing political party led by Jean-Marie Le Pen. On 12 October 1989, the Western Goals Institute hosted a controversial fringe meeting at the Conservative Party Conference in Blackpool, at which Pierre Ceyrac, a Front National Member of the European Parliament, was the Guest Speaker.[17] Western Goals also hosted a widely reported dinner for Jean-Marie Le Pen, whom they had invited to Britain, at the Charing Cross Hotel in the Strand, London in December 1991. There was a large demonstration against the dinner outside the hotel and some damage to property took place, notably the hotel's front doors and surroundings, which were smashed; an exclusive of the dinner appeared in The Mail on Sunday on 8 December. After the visit by Le Pen, the Western Goals Institute Director Andrew Smith was quoted as saying: "There is scope for a radical right alternative outside the Conservative Party. The Tories have betrayed their principles since Mrs Thatcher fell. With this contact with European leaders we are laying the foundations for a new party.".[18] The possibility of founding a new right-wing party, on the model of Le Pen's Front National, appears to have been abandoned by Smith after the Conservative Party's win in the 1992 General Election ensured that proportional representation stayed off the political agenda for the foreseeable future; however even at the time, the gradual defection of the parliamentary advisory committee and the decision of the leadership of the Monday Club[19] and associated MPs to stay away from the Le Pen Dinner made the prospect unlikely.[20] The institute maintained its contacts with the FN and were invited to send delegates to their congress in Strasbourg in March 1997; the Western Goals Newsletter of January 1998 carried a length article of praise, reporting on the "FN Successes in France". Conservative Party of South Africa  Gregory Lauder-Frost & Clive Derby-Lewis in Brussels as WGI delegates to the World Anti-Communist League Conference, 21 July 1990. WGI supported the continuance of European-dominated government in South Africa, and formed close links with the Conservative Party of South Africa which some years previously broke away from the National Party of South Africa after P.W. Botha instituted limited reforms to apartheid and which the institute saw as fighting communism in the form of the African National Congress. WGI hosted a visit to the UK, in June 1989, of the Conservative Party of South Africa's leader Andries Treurnicht, as well as other leading members, with close links continuing for many years. At the time the party held 22 seats in the South African Parliament making them the official opposition.[21] A press conference was held for the delegation in a committee room of the House of Lords on 5 June.[22] Conservative Party of South Africa MP Clive Derby-Lewis, then one of sixty members of the integrated State President's Council, was made an honorary vice-president of the WGI and the following year joined the WGI delegation to the WACL Conference in Brussels. (Derby-Lewis later served a life sentence for conspiracy to murder Chris Hani, a leader of the South African Communist Party and of the ANCs Umkhonto we Sizwe, the armed wing of the African National Congress, who was assassinated in 1993). The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2 July 1993) lists the Western Goals Institute as an "impediment" to the elimination of racial discrimination in South Africa, saying of the institute that it "claims to be devoted to protecting the Western way of life by offering self-defence training to white South Africans".[23] Relationship with the Conservative Party The WGI initially worked towards its goals via members of the British Conservative Party, and in particular via the right-wing Conservative Monday Club with whom it also shared some members: Andrew Smith had been a former chairman of the Club's Young Members Group, Paul Masson and Stuart Notholt, "one-time member of the editorial board of the Conservative 'Dreadnaught Group'", also Monday Clubbers, were all on Western Goals' first UK Directorate. Western Goals activists Lauder-Frost, Anthony Murphy, and Dr.Harvey Ward all held "key positions in the Monday Club Executive".[24] Others included Sir Alfred Sherman and his son Gideon.[1] From the mid-1980s, Western Goals had established a parliamentary advisory committee of Conservative MPs which included Sir Patrick Wall, Nicholas Winterton, Neil Hamilton and Bill Walker, as well as Martin Smyth of the Ulster Unionist Party for Belfast South.[1] In 1991, Western Goals was accused in a newspaper report of engineering a "take-over" of the Conservative Monday Club, and there were reports that some veteran members believed the Club had become "more extreme".[25] Gregory Lauder-Frost, writing in his capacity as Club Political Secretary, rejected these claims in a right-of-reply letter published the following week. In September 1992, Sir Norman Fowler, in an attempt to distance the Conservative Party from the institute, said that "No one in Western Goals is known by Central Office to belong to our party"; this followed the institute's invitation to Jean-Marie Le Pen, and 31-year-old Italian parliamentary deputy, Alessandra Mussolini, to address fringe meetings at the 1992 Conservative Party conference (although they both were unable to come to Britain and the meetings were subsequently cancelled). The invitation to Miss Mussolini were said to have "caused outrage", and led to calls for a ban on her entering the country;[26] the institute rejected Fowler's remark, saying that the majority of those associated with the institute held Conservative Party membership. The Jewish Chronicle reported on 25 September 1992 that Marc Gordon, director of the libertarian International Freedom Foundation, a US-based organisation wholly funded by the revisionist de Klerk government in South Africa, urged the Conservative Party to expel members of Western Goals, doubtless because of the WGI's support of the South African Conservative Party. In the same newspaper on 2 October, Julian Lewis (now a Member of Parliament, then deputy head of Conservative Central Office's Research Department), said he would strongly advise local associations that Western Goals was hostile to Conservative objectives. The Guardian subsequently accused the WGI of attempting "to infiltrate fascists into the Conservative Party",[27] which the WGI disputed as "rubbish". Notable activities  Torchlit small boat flotilla enters the lake at Moln, near Hamburg, as part of the anti-Communist demonstration on 12 August 1989, to which the WGI sent a delegation. Each boat carries a flag of a province or city lost after 1945. On 12 August 1989, a delegation from the Western Goals Institute attended an anti-communist demonstration at Moln, near Lübeck which over 20,000 people attended; the rally was organised by Die Deutschen Konservativen e. V., led by Joachim Siegerist, now a Latvian parliamentarian.[28]  WGI delegation (Lauder-Frost with the binoculars) looks across no-mans land into East Germany (GDR) east of Moln where numerous refugees had been shot dead before reaching the west. 13 August 1989. On 25 September 1989, Lord Sudeley chaired a Western Goals dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand for El Salvador's President, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet; the guest list included figures such as Sir Alfred Sherman (policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher), Lord Nicholas Hervey, Antony Flew, Zigmunt Szkopiak, Denis Walker and Harvey Ward.[29] The group hosted social events including an Annual Dinner at the Grosvenor Hotel at Victoria on 24 November 1989 when the guest of honour was Kenneth Griffith.[30] On 20 November 1990, they hosted the General Franco Memorial Dinner in Whitehall, commemorating the anniversary of his death;[31] this was also chaired by Baron Sudeley. A WGI notice in The Times stated that the late ruler of Spain was "remembered as a hero against communism". Later years Despite his upbeat press comments at the time of Le Pen's visit in December 1991, Western Goals director Andrew Smith was quoted in April 1993 as saying that "on reflection the Le Pen visit was the zenith and also the beginning of the end"[28] for him; however Private Eye cited him at the same time as saying that the institute was "currently inactive, i.e: in a state of 'suspended animation', but we have other plans and projects under way."[32] Negative publicity, the departure from the Directorate in late 1993 of Andrew Smith (replaced by Stuart Millson) and the end of the Soviet Union, meant that the group's activities diminished. In October 1994 Lauder-Frost, writing as WGI Vice-President, called for the Union of Great Britain to be strengthened[33] and rounded on John Major and Jeremy Hanley's comments about traditional Tories being "the enemies within" the Conservative Party.[34] A successful Annual Dinner, chaired by Lauder-Frost, was held at the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, in March 1995, at which the guest-of-honour was the Democratic Unionist Party Member of Parliament, Peter Robinson, now First Minister of Northern Ireland.[35] On 29 March 1997 Lauder-Frost sent a letter of fraternal greeting, on behalf of the Western Goals Institute, to the annual congress of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National (FN) at Strassburg which was read by Le Pen to the 2,200 delegates from the podium to much applause;[36] the institute's January 1998 Newsletter attacked "Blair's Labour regime" which it accused of "breaking up the United Kingdom, diminishing the monarchy, endorsing Sinn Féin and destroying country traditions." In a further article in the same edition Lauder-Frost contributed an article "Christianity & the Millenium calling for "a great service" to be held in Westminster Abbey "representing this Christian Kingdom." In the September edition of the same year, economist James Gibb Stuart had the leading article arguing that "21st century Conservatism must be nationalist", with another by Lauder-Frost arguing that "the non-Anglican statues unveiled at Westminster Abbey in July show that left-wing politics are alive and well in the Church." The institute's regular contributor, Peter Gibbs, had a leading article in the Winter 1999 edition entitled "The Lies, the shame, the betrayal of Ulster" and called for "a rallying cry for the Union".[37] Lack of adequate finances reduced campaigning to their occasional policy papers, the regular glossy newsletter, press releases, and letters to editors; the institute's last newsletter, which they called a "Special General Election edition", in June 2001, carried a leading article by Stuart Millson entitled "New Labour: A Disgrace to Britain"; an article entitled "MacPherson Report Condemned" in which they stated: "over the last quarter of a century, the racial-industrial complex, with its nasty, parasitical, semi-criminal fringe of self-styled anti-fascists and anti-racists, has emerged as a very serious threat to our freedom"; and a long article entitled "National Identity" by Gregory Lauder Frost in which he argued "we must act now" and added that "within 20 years Britain's capital city will have a majority non-British population."[38] The organisation was wound up in 2001 following the death of its long-standing Patron, General Sir Walter Walker. The WGI initially worked towards its goals via members of the British Conservative Party, and in particular via the right-wing Conservative Monday Club with whom it also shared some members: Andrew Smith had been a former chairman of the Club's Young Members Group, Paul Masson and Stuart Notholt, "one-time member of the editorial board of the Conservative 'Dreadnaught Group'", also Monday Clubbers, were all on Western Goals' first UK Directorate. Western Goals activists Lauder-Frost, Anthony Murphy, and Dr.Harvey Ward all held "key positions in the Monday Club Executive".[24] Others included Sir Alfred Sherman and his son Gideon.[1] From the mid-1980s, Western Goals had established a parliamentary advisory committee of Conservative MPs which included Sir Patrick Wall, Nicholas Winterton, Neil Hamilton and Bill Walker, as well as Martin Smyth of the Ulster Unionist Party for Belfast South.[1] In 1991, Western Goals was accused in a newspaper report of engineering a "take-over" of the Conservative Monday Club, and there were reports that some veteran members believed the Club had become "more extreme".[25] Gregory Lauder-Frost, writing in his capacity as Club Political Secretary, rejected these claims in a right-of-reply letter published the following week. In September 1992, Sir Norman Fowler, in an attempt to distance the Conservative Party from the institute, said that "No one in Western Goals is known by Central Office to belong to our party"; this followed the institute's invitation to Jean-Marie Le Pen, and 31-year-old Italian parliamentary deputy, Alessandra Mussolini, to address fringe meetings at the 1992 Conservative Party conference (although they both were unable to come to Britain and the meetings were subsequently cancelled). The invitation to Miss Mussolini were said to have "caused outrage", and led to calls for a ban on her entering the country;[26] the institute rejected Fowler's remark, saying that the majority of those associated with the institute held Conservative Party membership. The Jewish Chronicle reported on 25 September 1992 that Marc Gordon, director of the libertarian International Freedom Foundation, a US-based organisation wholly funded by the revisionist de Klerk government in South Africa, urged the Conservative Party to expel members of Western Goals, doubtless because of the WGI's support of the South African Conservative Party. In the same newspaper on 2 October, Julian Lewis (now a Member of Parliament, then deputy head of Conservative Central Office's Research Department), said he would strongly advise local associations that Western Goals was hostile to Conservative objectives. The Guardian subsequently accused the WGI of attempting "to infiltrate fascists into the Conservative Party",[27] which the WGI disputed as "rubbish". Notable activities  Torchlit small boat flotilla enters the lake at Moln, near Hamburg, as part of the anti-Communist demonstration on 12 August 1989, to which the WGI sent a delegation. Each boat carries a flag of a province or city lost after 1945. On 12 August 1989, a delegation from the Western Goals Institute attended an anti-communist demonstration at Moln, near Lübeck which over 20,000 people attended; the rally was organised by Die Deutschen Konservativen e. V., led by Joachim Siegerist, now a Latvian parliamentarian.[28]  WGI delegation (Lauder-Frost with the binoculars) looks across no-mans land into East Germany (GDR) east of Moln where numerous refugees had been shot dead before reaching the west. 13 August 1989. On 25 September 1989, Lord Sudeley chaired a Western Goals dinner at Simpson's-in-the-Strand for El Salvador's President, Alfredo Cristiani, and his inner cabinet; the guest list included figures such as Sir Alfred Sherman (policy advisor to Margaret Thatcher), Lord Nicholas Hervey, Antony Flew, Zigmunt Szkopiak, Denis Walker and Harvey Ward.[29] The group hosted social events including an Annual Dinner at the Grosvenor Hotel at Victoria on 24 November 1989 when the guest of honour was Kenneth Griffith.[30] On 20 November 1990, they hosted the General Franco Memorial Dinner in Whitehall, commemorating the anniversary of his death;[31] this was also chaired by Baron Sudeley. A WGI notice in The Times stated that the late ruler of Spain was "remembered as a hero against communism". Later years Despite his upbeat press comments at the time of Le Pen's visit in December 1991, Western Goals director Andrew Smith was quoted in April 1993 as saying that "on reflection the Le Pen visit was the zenith and also the beginning of the end"[28] for him; however Private Eye cited him at the same time as saying that the institute was "currently inactive, i.e: in a state of 'suspended animation', but we have other plans and projects under way."[32] Negative publicity, the departure from the Directorate in late 1993 of Andrew Smith (replaced by Stuart Millson) and the end of the Soviet Union, meant that the group's activities diminished. In October 1994 Lauder-Frost, writing as WGI Vice-President, called for the Union of Great Britain to be strengthened[33] and rounded on John Major and Jeremy Hanley's comments about traditional Tories being "the enemies within" the Conservative Party.[34] A successful Annual Dinner, chaired by Lauder-Frost, was held at the Grosvenor Hotel, Victoria, in March 1995, at which the guest-of-honour was the Democratic Unionist Party Member of Parliament, Peter Robinson, now First Minister of Northern Ireland.[35] On 29 March 1997 Lauder-Frost sent a letter of fraternal greeting, on behalf of the Western Goals Institute, to the annual congress of Jean-Marie Le Pen's Front National (FN) at Strassburg which was read by Le Pen to the 2,200 delegates from the podium to much applause;[36] the institute's January 1998 Newsletter attacked "Blair's Labour regime" which it accused of "breaking up the United Kingdom, diminishing the monarchy, endorsing Sinn Féin and destroying country traditions." In a further article in the same edition Lauder-Frost contributed an article "Christianity & the Millenium calling for "a great service" to be held in Westminster Abbey "representing this Christian Kingdom." In the September edition of the same year, economist James Gibb Stuart had the leading article arguing that "21st century Conservatism must be nationalist", with another by Lauder-Frost arguing that "the non-Anglican statues unveiled at Westminster Abbey in July show that left-wing politics are alive and well in the Church." The institute's regular contributor, Peter Gibbs, had a leading article in the Winter 1999 edition entitled "The Lies, the shame, the betrayal of Ulster" and called for "a rallying cry for the Union".[37] Lack of adequate finances reduced campaigning to their occasional policy papers, the regular glossy newsletter, press releases, and letters to editors; the institute's last newsletter, which they called a "Special General Election edition", in June 2001, carried a leading article by Stuart Millson entitled "New Labour: A Disgrace to Britain"; an article entitled "MacPherson Report Condemned" in which they stated: "over the last quarter of a century, the racial-industrial complex, with its nasty, parasitical, semi-criminal fringe of self-styled anti-fascists and anti-racists, has emerged as a very serious threat to our freedom"; and a long article entitled "National Identity" by Gregory Lauder Frost in which he argued "we must act now" and added that "within 20 years Britain's capital city will have a majority non-British population."[38] The organisation was wound up in 2001 following the death of its long-standing Patron, General Sir Walter Walker. South Africa  South Africa the Republic of South Africa, is the southernmost country in Africa. It is bounded to the south by 2,798 kilometres of coastline of Southern Africa stretching along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. South Africa is the largest country in Southern Africa and the 24th-largest country in the world by land area and, with over 58 million people, is the world's 24th-most populous nation, it is the southernmost country on the mainland of the Eastern Hemisphere. About 80 percent of South Africans are of Bantu ancestry, divided among a variety of ethnic groups speaking different African languages, nine of which have official status; the remaining population consists of Africa's largest communities of European and multiracial ancestry. South Africa is a multiethnic society encompassing a wide variety of cultures and religions, its pluralistic makeup is reflected in the constitution's recognition of 11 official languages, the fourth-highest number in the world. Two of these languages are of European origin: Afrikaans developed from Dutch and serves as the first language of most coloured and white South Africans. The country is one of the few in Africa never to have had a coup d'état, regular elections have been held for a century. However, the vast majority of black South Africans were not enfranchised until 1994. During the 20th century, the black majority sought to claim more rights from the dominant white minority, with this struggle playing a large role in the country's recent history and politics; the National Party imposed apartheid in 1948. After a long and sometimes violent struggle by the African National Congress and other anti-apartheid activists both inside and outside the country, the repeal of discriminatory laws began in the mid-1980s. Since 1994, all ethnic and linguistic groups have held political representation in the country's liberal democracy, which comprises a parliamentary republic and nine provinces. South Africa is referred to as the "rainbow nation" to describe the country's multicultural diversity in the wake of apartheid; the World Bank classifies South Africa as an upper-middle-income economy, a newly industrialised country. Its economy is the second-largest in Africa, the 33rd-largest in the world. In terms of purchasing power parity, South Africa has the seventh-highest per capita income and the seventh-highest human development index in Africa; however and inequality remain widespread, with about a quarter of the population unemployed and living on less than US$1.25 a day. South Africa has been identified as a middle power in international affairs, maintains significant regional influence; the name "South Africa" is derived from the country's geographic location at the southern tip of Africa. Upon formation, the country was named the Union of South Africa in English and Unie van Zuid-Afrika in Dutch, reflecting its origin from the unification of four separate British colonies. Since 1961, the long formal name in English has been the "Republic of South Africa" and Republiek van Suid-Afrika in Afrikaans. Since 1994, the country has had an official name in each of its 11 official languages. Mzansi, derived from the Xhosa noun umzantsi meaning "south", is a colloquial name for South Africa, while some Pan-Africanist political parties prefer the term "Azania". South Africa contains human-fossil sites in the world. Archaeologists have recovered extensive fossil remains from a series of caves in Gauteng Province; the area, a UNESCO World Heritage site, has been branded "the Cradle of Humankind". The sites include one of the richest sites for hominin fossils in the world. Other sites include Gondolin Cave Kromdraai, Coopers Cave and Malapa. Raymond Dart identified the first hominin fossil discovered in Africa, the Taung Child in 1924. Further hominin remains have come from the sites of Makapansgat in Limpopo Province and Florisbad in the Free State Province, Border Cave in KwaZulu-Natal Province, Klasies River Mouth in Eastern Cape Province and Pinnacle Point and Die Kelders Cave in Western Cape Province; these finds suggest that various hominid species existed in South Africa from about three million years ago, starting with Australopithecus africanus. There followed species including Australopithecus sediba, Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, Homo rhodesiensis, Homo helmei, Homo naledi and modern humans. Modern humans have inhabited Southern Africa for at least 170,000 years. Various researchers have located pebble tools within the Vaal River valley. Settlements of Bantu-speaking peoples, who were iron-using agriculturists and herdsmen, were present south of the Limpopo River by the 4th or 5th century CE, they displaced and absorbed the original Khoisan speakers, the Khoikhoi and San peoples. The Bantu moved south; the earliest ironworks in modern-day KwaZulu-Natal Province are believed to date from around 1050. The southernmost group was the Xhosa people, whose language incorporates certain linguistic traits from the earlier Khoisan people; the Xhosa reached the Great Fish River, in today's Eastern Cape Province. As they migrated, these larger Iron Age populations displaced or ass Apartheid  Apartheid was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa from 1948 until the early 1990s. Apartheid was characterised by an authoritarian political culture based on baasskap, which ensured that South Africa was dominated politically and economically by the nation's minority white population. According to this system of social stratification, white citizens had the highest status, followed in descending order by Asians and black Africans; the economic legacy and social effects of apartheid continue to the present day. Broadly speaking, apartheid was delineated into petty apartheid, which entailed the segregation of public facilities and social events, grand apartheid, which dictated housing and employment opportunities by race. Prior to the 1940s, some aspects of apartheid had emerged in the form of minority rule by white South Africans and the enforced separation of black Africans from other races, which extended to pass laws and land apportionment. Apartheid was adopted as a formal policy by the South African government after the ascension of the National Party during the 1948 general elections. A codified system of racial stratification began to take form in South Africa under the Dutch Empire in the eighteenth century, although informal segregation was present much earlier due to social cleavages between Dutch colonists and a creolised, ethnically diverse slave population. With the rapid growth and industrialisation of the British Cape Colony in the nineteenth century, racial policies and laws became rigid. Cape legislation that discriminated against black Africans began appearing shortly before 1900; the policies of the Boer republics were racially exclusive. The first apartheid law was the Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act, 1949, followed by the Immorality Amendment Act of 1950, which made it illegal for most South African citizens to marry or pursue sexual relationships across racial lines; the Population Registration Act, 1950 classified all South Africans into one of four racial groups based on appearance, known ancestry, socioeconomic status, cultural lifestyle: "Black", "White", "Coloured", "Indian", the last two of which included several sub-classifications. Places of residence were determined by racial classification. Between 1960 and 1983, 3.5 million black Africans were removed from their homes and forced into segregated neighbourhoods as a result of apartheid legislation, in some of the largest mass evictions in modern history. Most of these targeted removals were intended to restrict the black population to ten designated "tribal homelands" known as bantustans, four of which became nominally independent states; the government announced that relocated persons would lose their South African citizenship as they were absorbed into the bantustans. Apartheid sparked significant international and domestic opposition, resulting in some of the most influential global social movements of the twentieth century, it was the target of frequent condemnation in the United Nations and brought about an extensive arms and trade embargo on South Africa. During the 1970s and 1980s, internal resistance to apartheid became militant, prompting brutal crackdowns by the National Party government and protracted sectarian violence that left thousands dead or in detention. Some reforms of the apartheid system were undertaken, including allowing for Indian and Coloured political representation in parliament, but these measures failed to appease most activist groups. Between 1987 and 1993, the National Party entered into bilateral negotiations with the African National Congress, the leading anti-apartheid political movement, for ending segregation and introducing majority rule. In 1990, prominent ANC figures such as Nelson Mandela were released from prison. Apartheid legislation was repealed on 17 June 1991, pending multiracial elections held under a universal suffrage set for April 1994. Apartheid is an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart" "apart-hood", its first recorded use was in 1929. Under the 1806 Cape Articles of Capitulation the new British colonial rulers were required to respect previous legislation enacted under Roman Dutch law and this led to a separation of the law in South Africa from English Common Law and a high degree of legislative autonomy. The governors and assemblies that governed the legal process in the various colonies of South Africa were launched on a different and independent legislative path from the rest of the British Empire. In the days of slavery, slaves required passes to travel away from their masters. In 1797 the Landdrost and Heemraden of Swellendam and Graaff-Reinet extended pass laws beyond slaves and ordained that all Khoikhoi moving about the country for any purpose should carry passes; this was confirmed by the British Colonial government in 1809 by the Hottentot Proclamation, which decreed that if a Khoikhoi were to move they would need a pass from their master or a local official. Ordinance No. 49 of 1828 decreed that prospective black immigrants were to be granted passes for the sole purpose of seeking work. These passes were to be issued for Coloureds and Khoikhoi, but not for other Africans, who were still forced to carry passes; the United Kingdom's Slavery Abolition Act 1833 abolished slavery throughout the British Empire and overrode the Cape Articles of Capitulation. To comply with the act the South African legislation was expanded to F. W. de Klerk  Frederik Willem de Klerk is a South African politician who served as State President of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as Deputy President from 1994 to 1996. As South Africa's last head of state from the era of white-minority rule, he and his government dismantled the apartheid system and introduced universal suffrage. Ideologically a conservative and an economic liberal, he led the National Party from 1989 to 1997. Born in Johannesburg, British Dominion of South Africa, to an influential Afrikaner family, de Klerk studied at Potchefstroom University before pursuing a career in law. Joining the National Party, to which he had family ties, he was elected to parliament and sat in the white-minority government of P. W. Botha, holding a succession of ministerial posts; as a minister, he supported and enforced apartheid, a system of racial segregation that privileged white South Africans. After Botha resigned in 1989, de Klerk replaced him, first as leader of the National Party and as State President. Although observers expected him to continue Botha's defence of apartheid, de Klerk decided to end the policy. He was aware that growing ethnic animosity and violence was leading South Africa into a racial civil war. Amid this violence, the state security forces committed widespread human rights abuses and encouraged violence between Xhosa and Zulu, although de Klerk denied sanctioning such actions, he permitted anti-apartheid marches to take place, legalised a range of banned anti-apartheid political parties, freed imprisoned anti-apartheid activists, including Nelson Mandela. He dismantled South Africa's nuclear weapons program. De Klerk negotiated with Mandela to dismantle apartheid and establish a transition to universal suffrage. In 1993, he publicly apologised for apartheid's harmful effects for apartheid itself, he oversaw the 1994 non-racial election in which Mandela led the African National Congress to victory. After the election, de Klerk became a Deputy President in Mandela's ANC-led coalition, the Government of National Unity. In this position, he supported the government's liberal economic policies. De Klerk had desired a total amnesty for political crimes committed under apartheid and opposed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission set up to investigate past human rights abuses by both pro and anti-apartheid groups, his working relationship with Mandela was strained, although he spoke fondly of him. In May 1996, after the National Party objected to the new constitution, de Klerk withdrew it from the coalition government. In 1997, he retired from active politics and since has lectured internationally. De Klerk is a controversial figure; the recipient of a wide range of awards—including the Nobel Peace Prize—he was praised for dismantling apartheid and bringing universal suffrage to South Africa. Conversely, anti-apartheid activists criticised him for offering only a qualified apology for apartheid and for ignoring the human rights abuses carried out by his state security forces, while South Africa's white right-wing claimed that by abandoning apartheid he had betrayed the interests of the country's white minority. F. W. de Klerk was born on 18 March 1936 in a suburb of Johannesburg. His parents were Johannes "Jan" de Klerk and Hendrina Cornelia Coetzer – "her forefather was a Kutzer who stems from Austria", he was his parents' second son, having a brother, Willem de Klerk, eight years his senior. De Klerk's first language is Afrikaans and the earliest of his distant ancestors to arrive in what is now South Africa did so in the late 1680s. De Klerk's family had played a leading role in Afrikaner society, his paternal great-grandfather, Jan van Rooy, had been a senator, while his paternal grandfather, had been a clergyman who fought in the Anglo-Boer War and who stood twice, unsuccessfully, as a National Party candidate. His paternal aunt's husband was a former Prime Minister, his own father, Jan de Klerk, was a Senator, having served as the secretary of the National Party in Transvaal, president of the senate for seven years, a member of the country's cabinet for fifteen years under three Prime Ministers. In this environment, de Klerk was exposed to politics from childhood. He and family members would be encouraged to hold family debates. Willem became a political analyst and split from the National Party to found the liberal Democratic Party; the name "de Klerk" is derived from Le Clerc, Le Clercq and De Clercq, is of French Huguenot origin. De Klerk noted that he is of Dutch descent, with an Indian ancestor from the late 1600s or early 1700s, he is said to be descended from the Khoi interpreter known as Krotoa or Eva. De Klerk's upbringing was comfortable; when de Klerk was twelve years old, the apartheid system was institutionalised by the South African government. He therefore was, according to his brother, "one of a generation that grew up with the concept of apartheid", he was inculturated in the norms and values of Afrikaner society, including festivals like Kruger Day, loyalty to the Afrikaner nation, stories of the "age of injustice" that the Afrikaner faced under the British. He was brought up in the Gereformeerde Kerk, the smallest and most conservative of South Africa's